创新背景
每年,在全球范围内,慢性乙型肝炎病毒估计导致88万人死于肝硬化和肝细胞癌/肝癌。开发新的治疗方案对改善患者护理至关重要。像T细胞这样的免疫细胞对于对抗病毒和肿瘤是必不可少的,但它们往往功能失调,无法控制这些疾病。目前标准的护理治疗往往不能消除病毒,不能防止癌症发展,不能拯救免疫细胞。
创新过程
发表在《自然通讯》(Nature Communications)上的研究结果表明,用ACAT抑制剂阻断ACAT的活性可以增强特异性免疫细胞,这些细胞可以同时对抗病毒和相关的癌症肿瘤,证明了它作为一种免疫疗法的有效性。抑制ACAT也被发现可以阻止HBV自身的复制,因此也可以作为一种直接的抗病毒药物。ACAT抑制剂,如口服的阿瓦斯米贝,先前已被证明作为降胆固醇药物对人体具有良好的耐受性。
胆固醇是一种脂类(脂肪),我们每天在饮食中摄入,它可以在身体的不同细胞中发挥多种功能。乙肝病毒感染肝脏,肝脏富含胆固醇,以限制局部免疫反应而闻名。
在这项研究中,使用体外人类肝病组织样本,伦敦大学学院Maini教授的实验室表明,ACAT抑制剂增强了人类抗病毒T细胞,能够消除病毒。这种反应与目前可用的疗法相反。在乙肝病毒感染的肝脏和肝癌中发现的T
细胞中,这种增强免疫力的效果尤其显著,它克服了对免疫细胞功能的局部限制,使T细胞能够同时攻击病毒和癌细胞。
Maini小组随后与牛津大学的Jane McKeating教授的实验室合作,证明ACAT抑制剂也可以以其他抗病毒药物无法做到的方式阻断HBV的生命周期。因此,这些药物具有独特的抗病毒和免疫治疗效果。
创新价值
这项研究推动了胆固醇调节与其他免疫疗法相结合的临床试验的发展,为慢性病毒感染和癌症患者的治疗提供了令人兴奋的新的可能性。
创新关键点
用ACAT抑制剂调节胆固醇代谢具有直接靶向病毒和肿瘤的独特特点,同时增加对抗它们的T细胞。
创新主体
伦敦大学学院(University College London,简称:UCL ),1826年创立于英国伦敦,是一所公立研究型大学,为伦敦大学联盟的创校学院、罗素大学集团和欧洲研究型大学联盟创始成员,被誉为金三角名校和“G5超级精英大学”之一。
UCL是伦敦的第一所大学,以其多元的学科设置著称,于REF 2014 英国大学官方排名中,位列全英之冠,享有最多的科研经费。UCL的医学、解剖学和生理学、建筑学、教育学、考古学、计算机科学、计算金融学等学科排名均位居世界前列,与LSE并称为“英国现代经济学研究的双子星”;其人文学院颁发的奥威尔奖则是政治写作界的最高荣誉。
Innovative immunotherapy against hepatitis B virus
The findings, published in Nature Communications, show that blocking ACAT activity with ACAT inhibitors boosts specific immune cells that fight both the virus and associated cancer tumors, demonstrating its effectiveness as an immunotherapy. Inhibition of ACAT has also been found to block the replication of HBV itself and thus can also be used as a direct antiviral. ACAT inhibitors, such as oral Avasmibe, have previously been shown to be well tolerated in humans as cholesterol-lowering agents.
Cholesterol is a type of lipid (fat) that we consume every day in our diet, and it can perform multiple functions in different cells of the body. Hepatitis B infects the liver, which is rich in cholesterol and is known for limiting local immune responses.
In the study, using in vitro human liver disease tissue samples, Professor Maini's laboratory at University College London showed that ACAT inhibitors boosted human antiviral T cells and were able to eliminate the virus. This response is in contrast to currently available therapies. This immune-boosting effect is particularly dramatic in T cells found in HBV-infected livers and liver cancers, where it overcomes local limitations on immune cell function and allows T cells to attack both the virus and cancer cells.
Maini's team then worked with Professor Jane McKeating's laboratory at Oxford University to show that ACAT inhibitors can also block the HBV lifecycle in a way that other antiviral drugs cannot. Therefore, these drugs have unique antiviral and immunotherapeutic effects.